1 (edited by reentrant 2019-06-09 12:47:01)

REDUMP: Whiplash + VR Soccer '96 (USA) - 120 random bytes in data track, overdumped, needs redumping

TRUSTEDME: Brix 2 Deluxe (Germany) - Mastering error
TRUSTEDME: Brutal - Paws of Fury (Germany) - Mastering error
TRUSTEDME: Dark Secrets of Africa - Das Geheimnis des Pharaonengrabs (Germany) - Mastering error, track 3 has MSF shifted by 150 frames
TRUSTEDME: Doom (USA) (v1.2) (Demo) (19940321) - Mastering error
TRUSTEDME: GameTek 3 in 1 Compilation - Road Warrior + Brutal + Humans 3 (Europe) - Mastering error, lead out in data area
TRUSTEDME: Moto Racer 2 (USA) (En,Fr,De,Es,It,Sv) - Mastering error
TRUSTEDME: Pete Sampras Tennis 97 (Europe) - Mastering error
TRUSTEDME: Requiem - Avenging Angel (USA) - Mastering error
TRUSTEDME: Spec Ops II - Operation Bravo (Europe) (En,Fr,De,Es,It) (Rerelease) - Mastering error
TRUSTEDME: Supergames Volume 10 (Europe) - Mastering error
TRUSTEDME: Supergames Volume 6 (Europe) - Mastering error
TRUSTEDME: Syndicate Plus (USA) (En,Fr,Es,It) - Mastering error
TRUSTEDME: Trolls (Europe) (1995) - Mastering error
TRUSTEDME: XF5700 Mantis - Experimental Fighter (USA) - Mastering error

HARD: Broken Sword - The Shadow of the Templars (Europe) (Disc 1) (Sold Out Software) (19990708) - Pre last sector has unknown mode
HARD: Broken Sword II - The Smoking Mirror (Europe) (Disc 1) (Sold Out Software) - Pre last sector has unknown mode
HARD: Broken Sword II - The Smoking Mirror (Europe) (Disc 2) - Pre last sector has unknown mode
HARD: Chasm - The Rift (Europe) (Sold Out Software) - Pre last sector has unknown mode
HARD: Cyberwar (USA) (Disc 1) - Last and pre last sector has unknown mode
HARD: Cyberwar (USA) (Disc 2) - Last and pre last sector has unknown mode
HARD: Cyberwar (USA) (Disc 3) - Last and pre last sector has unknown mode
HARD: MER Innebandy (Sweden) - Weird mastering errors

VALID: Archimedean Dynasty, The (USA) - Mastering errors verified
VALID: Formula 1 97 (Europe) - Different flags are ok
VALID: Kreed (Europe) (Disc 1) - Alternating track mode protection
VALID: Kreed (Europe) (Disc 2) - Alternating track mode protection
VALID: Magic Carpet (Europe) (En,Fr,De,It) - Mastering errors verified
VALID: MechWarrior 2 - 31st Century Combat (USA) (Windows 95) (Alt) - Mastering errors verified
VALID: Moto Racer 2 (Europe) (En,Fr,De,Es,It,Sv) - Different flags are ok
VALID: Moto Racer 3 (Europe) (En,Fr,De,Es,It,Sv) - Tages twin sectors
VALID: Moto Racer 3 (USA) - Tages twin sectors
VALID: Nox (Europe) (En,Fr,De,Es,It) (Disc 3) (Manuals Disc) (Rerelease) - Multisession
VALID: Total Meltdown (USA) - Illegal sector headers

ALTME: Levelpack 8 - Additions for Carmageddon (Europe) - Mastering error (a6d94fd15da93ae7d17325ac0cdd9c2c4f986e0f)

This is a semi-complete list of weird images in IBM PC set. There are 4 categories:
REDUMP - Titles must be redumped.
TRUSTEDME - Titles with mastering errors coming from trusted dumpers
HARD - Weird mastering errors. All share a same pattern so it's very unlikely they are bad (weird track mode byte).
VALID - Images with weird stuff. Proper ones.

The obvious corrupted ones are the ones from REDUMP group.

2 (edited by Jackal 2017-12-22 01:34:53)

We need to check for any Mode2 data tracks with 0x55 pattern. CloneCD apparently puts a mode1 byte (01) in the header always.

For this one I put 02: http://redump.org/disc/31914/

There are only those four entries.

ID      CUE                                                                              ERRORS

3062,  'FILE "Fritz 7 (Germany) (En,De).bin"                BINARY  TRACK 01 MODE2/2352, 2592
12805, 'FILE "Formula 1 97 (Europe) (Track 01).bin"         BINARY  TRACK 01 MODE2/2352, 16
28064, 'FILE "Tiger Hunt (Taiwan).bin"                      BINARY  TRACK 01 MODE2/2352, 4867
31914, 'FILE "Colin McRae Rally (Europe) (En,Fr,De,Es).bin" BINARY  TRACK 01 MODE2/2352, 32

Other discs with 150 errors and errors below 3 were excluded.

PX-760A (+30), PX-W4824TA (+98), GSA-H42L (+667), GDR-8164B (+102), SH-D162D (+6), SOHD-167T (+12)

4 (edited by Jackal 2017-12-22 10:05:53)

Tiger Hunt (Taiwan) was definitely a bad dump, so I changed it to red status. Error sectors were filled with wrong data, and probably there are more readable sectors than what's in the dump.

Formula 1 97 (Europe) (Track 01) has mastering errors at the end of the track. The dump should be correct.

Fritz 7 (Germany) (En,De) image is unavailable and yellow status (should be redumped anyway).

I scanned previous version of Colin McRae Rally (Europe) (En,Fr,De,Es) and it looked fine in cdmage? How do you know it's corrupted?

I am unable to locate the Whiplash/VR Soccer disc (concerning to me). This disc will need to be repurchased and dumped.

Plextor PX-760A 1.07 (+30) : Plextor PX-716SA 1.11 (+30) : Plextor PX-W5224A 1.04 (+30) : Plextor PX-W4824 1.07 (+30) : Plextor PX-W4012TA 1.07 (+98) : Plextor PX-W1610TA (+99) : Plextor PX-W1210TA 1.10 (+99) : Lite-On LTR-48246S (+6) : Lite-On LTR-52246S (+6) : Lite-On LH-20A1H LL0DN (+6) : BenQ DW1655 BCIB (+618) : ASUS DRW-2014L1 1.02 (+6) : Yamaha CRW-F1 (+733) : Optiarc SA-7290H5 1H44 (+48) : ASUS BW-16D1HT 3.02 (+6)

7 (edited by Jackal 2020-10-20 20:22:32)

Fixed:
http://redump.org/disc/61070    Bitpool    1193 Anno Domini: Im Schatten der Kreuzzüge
http://redump.org/disc/38438    SmartE    Age of Empires III
http://redump.org/disc/13043    SmartE    Age of Empires III
http://redump.org/disc/58607    SmartE    Age of Empires III
http://redump.org/disc/63004    SmartE    Age of Empires III
http://redump.org/disc/58561    SmartE    Age of Empires III
http://redump.org/disc/13051    SmartE    Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties
http://redump.org/disc/63746    SmartE    Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs
http://redump.org/disc/63007    SmartE    Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs
http://redump.org/disc/13046    SmartE    Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs
http://redump.org/disc/61330    Custom    Bleem!
http://redump.org/disc/31579    Bitpool    BreakNeck
http://redump.org/disc/37856    Bitpool    Cultures
http://redump.org/disc/59352    Bitpool    Deadlock II: Shrine Wars
http://redump.org/disc/44968    Bitpool    Duke Nukem: Manhattan Project
http://redump.org/disc/28748    SmartE    Dungeon Siege II
http://redump.org/disc/16541    SmartE    Dungeon Siege: Legends of Aranna
http://redump.org/disc/60678    SmartE    Fable: The Lost Chapters
http://redump.org/disc/38957    SmartE    Fable: The Lost Chapters
http://redump.org/disc/61055    Bitpool    Hot Wheels Racing: Williams F1 Team Driver
http://redump.org/disc/63292    LaserLock 5.00.01    Hugo: Nell'Isola Selvaggia
http://redump.org/disc/43106    LaserLock 5.00.06    Kao the Kangaroo
http://redump.org/disc/61066    Bitpool    Master Rallye
http://redump.org/disc/45581    Bitpool    Matchbox Emergency Patrol
http://redump.org/disc/19148    Unknown    Mortyr 2093-1944
http://redump.org/disc/42854    Bitpool    MotoGP: Ultimate Racing Technology
http://redump.org/disc/50229    Bitpool    Red Faction II
http://redump.org/disc/62625    SmartE    Rise of Nations: Gold Edition
http://redump.org/disc/52378    Bitpool    Road Wars
http://redump.org/disc/37976    VOB ProtectCD    Settlers III, The: Misja Amazonek
http://redump.org/disc/37974    VOB ProtectCD    Settlers III, The: Zlota Edycja
http://redump.org/disc/38096    VOB ProtectCD    Settlers III, The: Gold Edition
http://redump.org/disc/38214    VOB ProtectCD    Siedler III, Die
http://redump.org/disc/61744    Bitpool    Star Wars: Episode I: Racer
http://redump.org/disc/61064    VOB ProtectCD    Tennis Masters Series
http://redump.org/disc/40817    SmartE    Zoo Tycoon 2: Endangered Species
http://redump.org/disc/29993    SmartE    Zoo Tycoon 2: Extinct Animals
http://redump.org/disc/58526    SmartE    Zoo Tycoon 2: Marine Mania
http://redump.org/disc/29992    SmartE    Zoo Tycoon 2: Marine Mania
http://redump.org/disc/29989    SmartE    Zoo Tycoon 2: Zookeeper Collection

Not yet fixed?
http://redump.org/disc/37677    3PLock    Kreed
http://redump.org/disc/37678    3PLock    Kreed
http://redump.org/disc/52635    3PLock    Kreed
http://redump.org/disc/52636    3PLock    Kreed
http://redump.org/disc/27483    Bad MSF in end of data track    Total Meltdown
http://redump.org/disc/36709    Fake Files    Mobil 1 Rally Championship
http://redump.org/disc/38245    LaserLock    Codename: Outbreak
http://redump.org/disc/44521    LaserLock    Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive
http://redump.org/disc/44480    LaserLock    Frontschweine
http://redump.org/disc/12951    LaserLock    Traitors Gate
http://redump.org/disc/43135    LaserLock 5.00.01    Dino Crisis
http://redump.org/disc/35767    LaserLock 5.00.06    Worms World Party
http://redump.org/disc/40523    SmartE    Age of Empires III
http://redump.org/disc/44978    SmartE    Age of Empires III
http://redump.org/disc/47555    SmartE    Age of Empires III
http://redump.org/disc/38655    SmartE    Age of Empires III
http://redump.org/disc/38440    SmartE    Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties
http://redump.org/disc/47430    SmartE    Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties
http://redump.org/disc/44982    SmartE    Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties
http://redump.org/disc/38439    SmartE    Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs
http://redump.org/disc/44981    SmartE    Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs
http://redump.org/disc/58608    SmartE    Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs
http://redump.org/disc/52634    SmartE    Dungeon Siege: Legends of Aranna
http://redump.org/disc/36619    SmartE    Fable: The Lost Chapters
http://redump.org/disc/34714    SmartE    Fable: The Lost Chapters
http://redump.org/disc/48571    SmartE    Fable: The Lost Chapters
http://redump.org/disc/16391    SmartE    Rise of Nations: Gold Edition
http://redump.org/disc/43148    SmartE    Zoo Tycoon 2
http://redump.org/disc/49083    SmartE    Zoo Tycoon 2: African Adventure
http://redump.org/disc/51589    Unknown    LEGO My Style: Preschool
http://redump.org/disc/48822    Unknown    Mortyr 2093-1944
http://redump.org/disc/34908    Unknown    Super Bubsy + Lollypop
http://redump.org/disc/35352    Bitpool Different error count and file (TOSHIND2.DAT) than other discs    Battle Arena Toshinden 2
http://redump.org/disc/51376    Bitpool    Adrenix
http://redump.org/disc/52626    Bitpool    Anpfiff: Der RTL Fussball-Manager
http://redump.org/disc/35652    Bitpool    Battle Arena Toshinden 2
http://redump.org/disc/39402    Bitpool    Biing! 2: Sonne, Strand und heiße Nächte
http://redump.org/disc/51758    Bitpool    Castrol Honda Superbike World Champions
http://redump.org/disc/55793    Bitpool    Castrol Honda Superbike World Champions
http://redump.org/disc/51436    Bitpool    Cultures Gold
http://redump.org/disc/45814    Bitpool    Cultures: Die Entdeckung Vinlands
http://redump.org/disc/53549    Bitpool    Curse of Monkey Island, The
http://redump.org/disc/10253    Bitpool    Darius Gaiden
http://redump.org/disc/35476    Bitpool    Dark Secrets of Africa: Das Geheimnis des Pharaonengrabs
http://redump.org/disc/48158    Bitpool    Grim Fandango
http://redump.org/disc/46759    Bitpool    Grim Fandango
http://redump.org/disc/35414    Bitpool    In the Hunt
http://redump.org/disc/42611    Bitpool    Indiana Jones und der Turm von Babel
http://redump.org/disc/42612    Bitpool    Indiana Jones und der Turm von Babel
http://redump.org/disc/37404    Bitpool    Layer Section
http://redump.org/disc/37337    Bitpool    Layer Section
http://redump.org/disc/51369    Bitpool    Mercedes-Benz Truck Racing
http://redump.org/disc/47645    Bitpool    Monkey Island Collection
http://redump.org/disc/47649    Bitpool    Monkey Island Collection
http://redump.org/disc/35480    Bitpool    MotoGP 2
http://redump.org/disc/42732    Bitpool    N.I.C.E. 2
http://redump.org/disc/33014    Bitpool    N.I.C.E. 2
http://redump.org/disc/48645    Bitpool    N.I.C.E. 2 Tune-Up
http://redump.org/disc/37656    Bitpool    Outlaws
http://redump.org/disc/50176    Bitpool    Red Faction
http://redump.org/disc/49605    Bitpool    Red Faction
http://redump.org/disc/49775    Bitpool    Red Faction II
http://redump.org/disc/16000    Bitpool    Red Faction II
http://redump.org/disc/34914    Bitpool    Rent-A-Hero
http://redump.org/disc/34915    Bitpool    Rent-A-Hero
http://redump.org/disc/31782    Bitpool    Sinistar: Unleashed
http://redump.org/disc/47350    Bitpool    Star Wars: Episode I: Die dunkle Bedrohung
http://redump.org/disc/48589    Bitpool    Star Wars: Episode I: Racer
http://redump.org/disc/47342    Bitpool    Star Wars: Force Commander
http://redump.org/disc/47075    Bitpool    Star Wars: Rebellion
http://redump.org/disc/46760    Bitpool    Star Wars: Rogue Squadron 3D
http://redump.org/disc/51407    Bitpool    Star Wars: Rogue Squadron 3D
http://redump.org/disc/47589    Bitpool    Star Wars: X-Wing Alliance
http://redump.org/disc/47590    Bitpool    Star Wars: X-Wing Alliance
http://redump.org/disc/51434    Bitpool    Star Wars: X-Wing Alliance
http://redump.org/disc/51435    Bitpool    Star Wars: X-Wing Alliance
http://redump.org/disc/56710    Bitpool    Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies
http://redump.org/disc/46330    Bitpool    Summoner
http://redump.org/disc/56193    Bitpool    Verkehrsgigant, Der
http://redump.org/disc/44976    Bitpool    Völker, Die
http://redump.org/disc/40686    Bitpool    Völker, Die: Gold Edition
http://redump.org/disc/35729    Bitpool    WWE Raw
http://redump.org/disc/38205    Bitpool    X: Beyond the Frontier
http://redump.org/disc/47184    Bitpool    X: Gold
http://redump.org/disc/47433    Bitpool    X: Tension
http://redump.org/disc/37436    Bitpool    Zeitgeist
http://redump.org/disc/48276    Bitpool    Zero Divide
http://redump.org/disc/48387    Unreadable Sectors    Airline Tycoon Evolution
http://redump.org/disc/40737    Unreadable Sectors    BHunter
http://redump.org/disc/43161    Unreadable Sectors    Cultures: Die Rache des Regengottes
http://redump.org/disc/48393    Unreadable Sectors    Emergency 4: Global Fighters for Life
http://redump.org/disc/48375    Unreadable Sectors    Kurt: Der Fussballmanager '99
http://redump.org/disc/49115    VOB ProtectCD    America: Add-On
http://redump.org/disc/47121    VOB ProtectCD    America: No Peace Beyond the Line
http://redump.org/disc/49312    VOB ProtectCD    Bundesliga Manager X
http://redump.org/disc/43990    VOB ProtectCD    Catan: Die erste Insel
http://redump.org/disc/47064    VOB ProtectCD    Evil Islands: Curse of the Lost Soul
http://redump.org/disc/47065    VOB ProtectCD    Evil Islands: Curse of the Lost Soul
http://redump.org/disc/47124    VOB ProtectCD    Patrizier II: Geld und Macht
http://redump.org/disc/42968    VOB ProtectCD    Siedler III, Die
http://redump.org/disc/40683    VOB ProtectCD    Siedler III, Die: Das Geheimnis der Amazonen
http://redump.org/disc/42748    VOB ProtectCD    Siedler III, Die: Das Geheimnis der Amazonen
http://redump.org/disc/51104    VOB ProtectCD    Siedler III, Die: Gold Edition
http://redump.org/disc/9206    VOB ProtectCD    Stephen King's F13
http://redump.org/disc/42648    VOB ProtectCD    Wiggles

Also, most of these LaserLock games still need to be rechecked with a Lite-on drive for more readable sectors: http://redump.org/discs/quicksearch/las … system/pc/

Time to get going!

Salviamo la cultura videoludica italiana.

If all these need redumped, shouldn't the statuses be changed to yellow?

All my posts and submission data are released into Public Domain / CC0.

10 (edited by Jackal 2019-09-02 18:30:55)

user7 wrote:

If all these need redumped, shouldn't the statuses be changed to yellow?

Let's not do this.. most dumps will stay forever yellow then. The redumped dumps aren't really better, they just have different data in the read error sectors.

11 (edited by user7 2019-09-02 19:01:12)

Why not just include yellows in the dat? That would ensure redump remains accurate and kills two birds.

All my posts and submission data are released into Public Domain / CC0.

They should be yellow imo, they are bad dumps. I have redumped my SmartE discs and reminded others to do the same. If we need to re-collect some discs due to people selling them, then they should be added to whichever spreadsheet and marked high priority.

Plextor PX-760A 1.07 (+30) : Plextor PX-716SA 1.11 (+30) : Plextor PX-W5224A 1.04 (+30) : Plextor PX-W4824 1.07 (+30) : Plextor PX-W4012TA 1.07 (+98) : Plextor PX-W1610TA (+99) : Plextor PX-W1210TA 1.10 (+99) : Lite-On LTR-48246S (+6) : Lite-On LTR-52246S (+6) : Lite-On LH-20A1H LL0DN (+6) : BenQ DW1655 BCIB (+618) : ASUS DRW-2014L1 1.02 (+6) : Yamaha CRW-F1 (+733) : Optiarc SA-7290H5 1H44 (+48) : ASUS BW-16D1HT 3.02 (+6)

iR0b0t doesnt want yellow dumps in the datfile.

If you change them to yellow, people will discard the dumps and this will hurt preservation. It will not motivate people in any way to buy them and redump them. We're already doing the best we can.

14 (edited by LoStraniero91 2019-09-05 19:33:30)

http://redump.org/disc/63292/

The Lite-On SOHD-167T managed to read sector 4953, bringing the total error count to 960. I think that's the max it could do. I tried re-reading the sectors "before" the good ones 50 times and it failed.

Salviamo la cultura videoludica italiana.

LoStraniero91 wrote:

http://redump.org/disc/63292/

The Lite-On SOHD-167T managed to read sector 4953, bringing the total error count to 960. I think that's the max it could do. I tried re-reading the sectors "before" the good ones 50 times and it failed.

960 is correct for that variation of LaserLock. Bare in mind that you'll have to reread the "lone" error sectors in scrambled mode as they are soft errors that are no longer being replaced with 0x55.

PX-4824TA (offset +98), PX-755SA (offset +30), ASUS BW-16D1HT (offset +6)

Jackal wrote:

If you change them to yellow, people will discard the dumps and this will hurt preservation.

I agree completely, which is why we should have Yellow dumps in the datfile. iRobot... come around man.

All my posts and submission data are released into Public Domain / CC0.

http://redump.org/discs/status/3/

There are as of now just 41 discs with yellow status, which clearly don't belong into a datfile because they are either overdumped, underdumped or pirate discs.

You do have a full list of discs to be redumped listed above, no need to mark them yellow.

PX-760A (+30), PX-W4824TA (+98), GSA-H42L (+667), GDR-8164B (+102), SH-D162D (+6), SOHD-167T (+12)

18 (edited by reentrant 2019-09-07 21:04:33)

Simple thing. Throw few k $$$ into these titles and turn them proper green. Any volunteers? wink

19 (edited by user7 2019-09-07 21:38:33)

iR0b0t wrote:

There are as of now just 41 discs with yellow status, which clearly don't belong into a datfile because they are either overdumped, underdumped or pirate discs.

You do realize, of course, that all your other X360 German demo dumps were verified, yet the unverified ones are still yellow on that list?

Not so clear.

All my posts and submission data are released into Public Domain / CC0.

There are also other discs like that, but yes.

PX-760A (+30), PX-W4824TA (+98), GSA-H42L (+667), GDR-8164B (+102), SH-D162D (+6), SOHD-167T (+12)

21 (edited by LoStraniero91 2019-09-08 14:11:33)

Just redumped http://redump.org/disc/63746/ without /sf, 10 bad MSF errors. Those sectors are entirely filled with 0x00 but the sync. I hope this is correct for SmartE.

Salviamo la cultura videoludica italiana.

It is, the first sector usually has something other than 00 in it.

Plextor PX-760A 1.07 (+30) : Plextor PX-716SA 1.11 (+30) : Plextor PX-W5224A 1.04 (+30) : Plextor PX-W4824 1.07 (+30) : Plextor PX-W4012TA 1.07 (+98) : Plextor PX-W1610TA (+99) : Plextor PX-W1210TA 1.10 (+99) : Lite-On LTR-48246S (+6) : Lite-On LTR-52246S (+6) : Lite-On LH-20A1H LL0DN (+6) : BenQ DW1655 BCIB (+618) : ASUS DRW-2014L1 1.02 (+6) : Yamaha CRW-F1 (+733) : Optiarc SA-7290H5 1H44 (+48) : ASUS BW-16D1HT 3.02 (+6)

23 (edited by LoStraniero91 2019-09-09 16:26:46)

Nexy wrote:

It is, the first sector usually has something other than 00 in it.

Perfect. Both Hugo: Nell'Isola Selvaggia and WarChiefs are now fixed.

Salviamo la cultura videoludica italiana.

Sweet, now we just need the rest.

Plextor PX-760A 1.07 (+30) : Plextor PX-716SA 1.11 (+30) : Plextor PX-W5224A 1.04 (+30) : Plextor PX-W4824 1.07 (+30) : Plextor PX-W4012TA 1.07 (+98) : Plextor PX-W1610TA (+99) : Plextor PX-W1210TA 1.10 (+99) : Lite-On LTR-48246S (+6) : Lite-On LTR-52246S (+6) : Lite-On LH-20A1H LL0DN (+6) : BenQ DW1655 BCIB (+618) : ASUS DRW-2014L1 1.02 (+6) : Yamaha CRW-F1 (+733) : Optiarc SA-7290H5 1H44 (+48) : ASUS BW-16D1HT 3.02 (+6)

I verified that VOB Protect CD has illegal MSF, so these all need to be redumped without /sf

Plextor PX-760A 1.07 (+30) : Plextor PX-716SA 1.11 (+30) : Plextor PX-W5224A 1.04 (+30) : Plextor PX-W4824 1.07 (+30) : Plextor PX-W4012TA 1.07 (+98) : Plextor PX-W1610TA (+99) : Plextor PX-W1210TA 1.10 (+99) : Lite-On LTR-48246S (+6) : Lite-On LTR-52246S (+6) : Lite-On LH-20A1H LL0DN (+6) : BenQ DW1655 BCIB (+618) : ASUS DRW-2014L1 1.02 (+6) : Yamaha CRW-F1 (+733) : Optiarc SA-7290H5 1H44 (+48) : ASUS BW-16D1HT 3.02 (+6)